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Hearing Health and Brain Health

What is the link, if any, between untreated hearing loss and dementia?

We hear not only with our ears, but also—and importantly—with our brain. The tiny sensory cells in our inner ear capture sound waves and translate them into electrical signals. These are transmitted via the auditory nerve to be interpreted by the brain. So we don’t just hear with our ears, we hear with our brain, too.

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The Lancet Commission on Dementia Prevention, Intervention, and Care released a report in 2017 detailing dementia risk factors, categorizing them by those that you can change and those you cannot (depicted in a striking infographic). Hearing loss came out on top as the most modifiable risk factor, accounting for 8 percent of estimated risk. The Lancet Commission has continued to investigate risk factors, with a follow-up study in July 2020 adding three more modifiable risk factors: excessive alcohol consumption, traumatic brain injury, and air pollution.

A Lancet report in September 2023 (the ACHIEVE study) showed hearing aids could cut the risk for dementia by half among the population who are already at greater risk for dementia, lead author Frank Lin, M.D., Ph.D., explains. But this effect was not found in populations at decreased risk for cognitive decline.

These additional risk factors include higher levels of high blood pressure and diabetes, a slightly lower education and income, and living alone. Lin presented these findings at the Academy of Doctors of Audiology conference in November 2023.

A January 2024 Danish study in JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery using data from over 573,000 people—the largest of its kind to date—found that untreated hearing loss is associated with a greater risk of dementia by up to 20 percent depending on severity of hearing loss, but that hearing aid use appears to significantly cut the risk.

And one small 2015 study in the journal Noise & Health looked at how loud noises on Norwegian naval ships affected staffers’ attention. They found that personnel who were around very loud noises (over 85 decibels) for at least four hours before an attention test took longer to react compared with those who weren't around loud noises. The implication is that cognitive performance is affected by excessive noise exposure.

Correlation, Not Causation

It’s not known exactly why there is an association between untreated hearing loss and cognitive issues. Researchers are investigating several theories, detailed in this 2020 Neuron report.

According to the Neuron report, there are three major theories:

1) We know that when you can’t hear fully, it’s harder to participate in social situations. We may start to avoid social events or situations we know will be noisy. For this reason untreated hearing loss can lead to feelings of depression and isolation. Previous research has shown a greater dementia risk tied to social isolation, according to Johns Hopkins Medicine research.

2) You know when you’re learning a new language and your brain gets exhausted trying to fill in the blanks? That’s how it can be with hearing loss. Even a mild hearing loss (unable to hear whispering) can drain the brain as it tries to figure out what it missed. As a result, our memory and ability to learn and complete mental tasks is affected.

3) The third idea is that hearing loss affects the brain's structural integrity, Dr. Lin says. “With constant reduced auditory stimulation of parts of the brain, parts of the brain can begin atrophying faster.” The brain regions related to hearing actually shrink from lack of stimulation—if you don’t use it, you lose it.

The title of a May 2023 Hearing Journal paper asks if the association between dementia and hearing loss goes both ways: Do hearing aids reduce dementia, or does dementia reduce hearing aid use? The report says, “The takeaways then are that lack of hearing aid use (i.e., untreated hearing problems) can increase the risk of dementia, but also that cognitive impairment can be a factor in the discontinuation of hearing aid use. This raises the possibility of a vicious circle between untreated hearing loss and cognitive decline.” It could be that being cognitively impaired precludes consistent, successful use of hearing aids and hearing healthcare.

The Brain, Memory, and Music

Music can open portals to memory, in a well-known phenomenon where individuals with dementia can recall songs from decades before, but no longer recognize family members.

Credit: @schluditsch/Unsplash

Why is this? Researchers say music can help to create rich, complex musical memories that are stored in multiple areas of the brain, which helps them become reinforced. Alzheimer’s disease attacks the hippocampus first and foremost, affecting “episodic memory,” which requires conscious work to recall. It’s the first to go, when Alzheimer’s, or dementia, hits. For remembering the rhythm of the music, however, we can use a different process, called “procedural memory” (informally known as muscle memory), which is our ability to remember skills.

Some of the procedural components of musical memory can survive the hippocampus damage that impairs many other memory types. Individuals with Alzheimer’s can also retrieve memories that have been consolidated in the past—that’s why they can remember songs from their youth so well.

The Global Council on Brain Health is an independent organization convened by AARP to investigate brain health. Their 2024 report, “Music on Our Minds,” finds that listening to and making music hold significant potential to support brain health, AARP reports. “Research suggests that music can enhance a sense of well-being, reduce stress, facilitate interpersonal connections, modulate the cardiovascular system, improve balance and boost the immune system,” the report says. Other research the AARP is funding with the National Endowment for the Arts is evaluating the difference in response to music sounds versus nature sounds in patients with dementia. “The test revealed that music helped organize activity in the brain more effectively than listening to nature sounds,” AARP says.

In addition, intriguingly, there is research underway examining whether exposure to very low frequency light and sounds, 40 hertz (in sound, the lowest E key on a piano), may help slow the progression of Alzheimer’s. The study was small, 15 people, and investigations are ongoing.

Other Correlations, for Comparison

We should be cautious about correlations, especially when it comes to a hot-button topic like dementia. In May 2023 the U.S. surgeon general declared loneliness to be an epidemic as dangerous to health as smoking 15 cigarettes a day.

Here is other recent brain health news linking various conditions to dementia:

  • The New York Times reported on a link between highly processed foods and cognitive decline. Among the research cited is a 2020 JAMA Neurology paper that says limiting consumption of ultraprocessed food could be associated with reduced cognitive decline in middle-aged and older adults.

  • And CNN reported that another study in the May 2023 issue of the Journal of the American Geriatrics Society suggested that “regular internet usage” was associated with a lower risk of dementia.

  • The National Institutes of Health reported in August 2023, “Higher rates of new cases of dementia in a population over time—known as incident dementia—are linked to long-term exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) air pollution, especially from agriculture and open fires, according to a study funded by the National Institutes of Health and published in JAMA Internal Medicine. Scientists found that 15 percent of older adults developed incident dementia during the average follow-up of 10 years.” In a follow-up press release, the NIH says, it is not clear whether some sources of fine particular matter pose greater risks than others. “Particulates from various sources, such as traffic, agriculture, and smoke, can be physically and chemically different.”

  • A JAMA study published in September 2023 found that being sedentary 10 or more hours a day was linked to a greater risk of dementia. “The association was consistent whether sedentary time occurred in extended continuous periods or was spread intermittently throughout the day,” according to a Medpage Today report about the study.

  • The results from a large-scale study in Korea adds evidence that vestibular (balance) loss increases dementia risk. The study, published in Scientific Reports in October 2023, shows an association but not a cause, but hypotheses for potential causes include brain atrophy, social isolation, and neurodegeneration, according to Medical Xpress.

  • According to the BBC, a U.K. study published in the International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry in January 2024 suggests that playing a musical instrument or singing could help keep the brain healthy in older age. “Playing the piano or keyboard appeared to be particularly beneficial, while brass and woodwind instruments were good too,” the BBC reports.

Updated July 2024.


Brain News and Research


Pérdida Auditiva y Salud del Cerebro

¿Cuál es el vínculo, si lo hay, entre la pérdida auditiva no tratada y la demencia?

Nosotros escuchamos no solo con nuestros oídos, sino también -y de manera importante- con nuestro cerebro. Las diminutas células sensoriales de nuestro oído interno captan las ondas sonoras y las traducen en señales eléctricas. Estas se transmiten a través del nervio auditivo para ser interpretadas por el cerebro. Así que no solo oímos con nuestros oídos, también lo hacemos con nuestro cerebro.

The Lancet Commission on Dementia Prevention, Intervention, and Care (La Comisión Lancet sobre Prevención, Intervención y Atención de la Demencia), publicó un informe en 2017 en el que se detallan los factores de riesgo de la demencia, clasificándolos según los que se pueden cambiar y los que no (representados en una impactante infografía). La pérdida de audición ocupó el primer lugar como el factor de riesgo más modificable, representando el 8 por ciento del riesgo estimado. La Comisión Lancet ha seguido investigando los factores de riesgo con un estudio de seguimiento en julio de 2020, que añadió otros tres factores de riesgo modificables: el consumo excesivo de alcohol, las lesiones cerebrales traumáticas y la contaminación del aire.

Un informe de The Lancet de septiembre de 2023 (el estudio ACHIEVE), mostró que los audífonos medicados podrían reducir el riesgo de demencia a la mitad entre la población que ya tiene un mayor riesgo de demencia, explica el autor principal Frank Lin, M.D., Ph.D. Pero este efecto no se encontró en poblaciones con menor riesgo de deterioro cognitivo.

Estos factores de riesgo adicionales incluyen niveles más altos de presión arterial alta y diabetes, un nivel educativo e ingresos ligeramente más bajos, y vivir solo. Lin presentó estos hallazgos en la conferencia de la Academy of Doctors of Audiology (Academia de Doctores en Audiología), en noviembre de 2023.

Un estudio danés de enero de 2024 publicado en JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery, con datos de más de 573.000 personas-el mayor de su tipo hasta la fecha-, encontró que la pérdida auditiva no tratada, se asocia con un mayor riesgo de demencia hasta en un 20 por ciento, dependiendo de la gravedad de la pérdida auditiva, pero que el uso de audífonos parece reducir significativamente el riesgo.

Correlación, No Causalidad

No se sabe exactamente por qué existe una asociación entre la pérdida auditiva no tratada y los problemas cognitivos. Los expertos están investigando varias teorías, detalladas en este informe de Neuron de 2020.

Según el informe de Neuron, hay tres teorías principales:

1) Sabemos que cuando no se oye completamente, es más difícil participar en situaciones sociales. Es posible que empecemos a evitar eventos sociales o situaciones que sabemos que serán ruidosas. Por esta razón, la pérdida auditiva no tratada puede provocar sentimientos de depresión y aislamiento. Investigaciones anteriores han mostrado un mayor riesgo de demencia vinculado con el aislamiento social, según una investigación de Johns Hopkins Medicine.

2) ¿Ud. sabe que cuando está aprendiendo un nuevo idioma su cerebro se agota tratando de llenar los espacios en blanco? Así es como puede suceder con la pérdida auditiva. Incluso una pérdida auditiva leve (ser incapaz de oír los susurros), puede agotar el cerebro al tratar de averiguar qué está faltando. Como resultado, nuestra memoria y capacidad para aprender y completar tareas mentales se ven afectadas.

3) La tercera idea es que la pérdida de audición afecta la integridad estructural del cerebro, dice el Dr. Lin. "Con la reducción constante de la estimulación auditiva de algunas partes del cerebro, ciertas partes de él pueden comenzar a atrofiarse más rápido". Las regiones del cerebro relacionadas con la audición en realidad se encogen por falta de estimulación: si no la usas, la pierdes.

El título de un artículo de mayo de 2023 de la Hearing Journal, pregunta si la asociación entre la demencia y la pérdida auditiva va en ambos sentidos: ¿Los audífonos medicados reducen la demencia o la demencia reduce el uso de audífonos? El informe dice: "Las conclusiones son entonces que, la falta de uso de audífonos (es decir, debido a problemas auditivos no tratados), puede aumentar el riesgo de demencia; pero también que, el deterioro cognitivo puede ser un factor en la interrupción del uso de los audífonos. Esto plantea la posibilidad de un círculo vicioso entre la pérdida auditiva no tratada y el deterioro cognitivo". Podría ser que el tener una discapacidad cognitiva impida el uso constante y exitoso de los audífonos, e impida a su vez, la atención de la salud auditiva.

El Cerebro, La Memoria, y La Música

La música puede abrir portales a la memoria, en un fenómeno bien conocido en el que las personas con demencia pueden recordar canciones de décadas pasadas, pero sin embargo, ya no reconocen a sus familiares.

¿Por qué es así? Los investigadores dicen que la música puede ayudar a crear recuerdos musicales ricos y complejos que se almacenan en múltiples áreas del cerebro, lo que ayuda a reforzarlos. La enfermedad de Alzheimer ataca primero y principalmente al hipocampo, afectando la “memoria episódica”, que requiere un trabajo consciente para recordar. Es el primero en desaparecer cuando llega el Alzheimer o la demencia. Sin embargo, para recordar el ritmo de la música, podemos utilizar un proceso diferente, llamado “memoria procedimental” (conocida informalmente como memoria muscular), que es nuestra capacidad para recordar habilidades.

Algunos de los componentes procedimentales de la memoria musical pueden sobrevivir al daño del hipocampo, que afecta a muchos otros tipos de memoria. Las personas con Alzheimer también pueden recuperar recuerdos que se han consolidado en el pasado; por eso pueden recordar tan bien canciones de su juventud.

Otras Correlaciones, a Modo de Comparación

Debemos ser cautelosos con las correlaciones, especialmente cuando se trata de un tema candente como la demencia. En mayo de 2023, el cirujano general de los Estados Unidos declaró que la soledad era una epidemia tan peligrosa para la salud como fumar 15 cigarrillos al día.

Aquí hay otras noticias recientes sobre salud del cerebro que vinculan varias afecciones con la demencia:

Actualizado en enero de 2024. Traducción al español realizada por Julio Flores-Alberca, febrero 2024. Sepa más aquí.